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I. Intro
a. thesis: Multiplane Cameras, rotoscoping, and hand drawn mattes are all techniques used to composite multiple layers or images into one final scene
II. Body
a. Multiplane Cameras
1. history
a. The first multiplane camera was created by U.B. Iwerks for Disney in 1933.
b. The most famous multiplane camera was invented by William Garity for Disney Studios in 1937
c. The multiplane camera was used from Snow White all the way until Little Mermaid, when it was replace with the multiplane feature in the computerized CAPS program.
2. how it works
a. The multiplane camera moves a number of pieces of arwork past the camera at various speeds and distances to create a 3D effect.
b. Various parts of the layers are left transparent, allowing other layers to be visible behind them.
c. The movements are all calculated and shot at different speeds - the further away from the camera the slower the speed, sometimes called a parallax process.
b. Rotoscoping
1. Animation
a. Rotoscoping began in 1917 when Max Fleischer invente the Rotoscope
b. Fleischer's Rotoscope projected live action footage onto the glass of an animators stand so the animators could put a piece of paper over it and trace the footage one frame at a time.
c. Disney also used this technique of Rotoscoping in the 1930's for Snow White.
d. Cruela DeVille's car in 101 Dalmations is a rotoscoping of an actual model.
e. Waking Life and Scanner Darkly
2. Analog Rotoscoping VFX
a. Rotoscoping in visual effects was used primarily to make holdout mattes.
b. The make a traditional holdout matte, rotoscope artists would trace the figures that had to be isolated onto an animation cel. The ouline traced onto the cel would be fille black, blocking the appropriate section of the frame.
c. Rotoscoping was also used to stabilize shaky film. Each frame was rotoscoped onto an alignment chart, allowing changes in position to be tracked from frame to frame. An optical copy of the film could be made offsetting the shifts in movement.
3. Digital Rotoscoping VFX
a. After Effects
1. First tool to bring professional composting motion graphics and effects functionality to the desktop.
b. Flint/Flame/Inferno/Fire/Smoke
1. Discreet's Advanced System, made for SGI workstations can range in price from $60,000-$500,000
2. Complete post-production solution, including powerful rotoscoping tools, painting and cloning tools. Fast and accurate tracking.
c.Shake
d.Combustion
c. Hand-drawn mattes
1. Hand drawn mattesare similar to rotoscoping
2. Most commonly hand drawn mattes are "garbage" mattes
a. Garbage mattes are used to exclude parts of an image, done quickly

III. Conclusion
a. Multiplane cameras, rotoscoping, and hand-drawn mattes, are all pieces in the history of visual effects that have enabled us to composite multiple images together to create one scene.
b. From Fleischer's Popeye and Betty Boop cartons, to George Lucas ILM and Star Wars, to Transformers and Iron Man, the same general techniques of mattes, rotoscoping and multiplanes have been utilized.